UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION
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ORIGINAL U.S.A. CONSTITUTION 
– the missing 13th AMENDMENT 
written by:    Judge Dale,   Ret’d
April 25, 2013 

On or about March 20, 2013, the New Hampshire Legislature passed HB 638,  recognizing Article XIII, known by few as: “The Missing 13TH Amendment,”  missing from the organic Constitution of the United States of America. The legislative analysis offered described a trite but secret history of this mystical amendment, which I have encapsulated as follows:
During the American Civil War, the country was under Marshal Law by President Lincoln and after the War, Lincoln’s policies were to be abated and everything was supposed to return to normal but it didn’t happen quite that way.  Congress passed the Organic Act of 1871, which created a government corporation within the District of Columbia, called: UNITED STATES OF 
AMERICA.  This new government corporation replaced the Municipal Charter for the District of Columbia, a move that egregiously led to the fraudulent rewrite and adoption of what appeared to be the organic American Constitution.  This erroneous rewrite is described as a corporate “mission statement”  with the original 13TH Amendment “omitted” and it was this Constitutional  rewrite that was inadvertently published for all to see.  Members of royalty, PhD’s, lawyers, squires
and bankers, “Titles of Nobility,”  have left a historic wake of deceit, destruction and corruption behind them on this planet. 

I would like to believe it was the majority intent of the Founding Fathers and the first federal convention to shield America from those proven elements of destruction and corruption. In so doing they proposed and ratified several  amendments, one being Article XIII or the 13th Amendment, specifically designed to bar candidates who held such “Titles of Nobility,” from ever holding a seat in government!  Each year since 1871, Lincoln’s Marshal Law has been renewed by Congress  and currently, all state and federal governments are dominated by legislators with “Titles of Nobility.” What was once regarded as a service to country is now a political career.

“In politics, nothing happens by accident. If it happens at all, you can bet it  was planned that way.” Franklin D. Roosevelt
The described “omission” of Article XIII [the missing 13th Amendment] and  the “mission statement” – the fraudulent copy of the organic constitution –  initiates the following ten [10] questions, which I answer as succinctly as I can.

1: How do you “omit” a Constitutional Article when they are all sequentially numbered?

Obviously this is a lawyer’s response by the New Hampshire Legislature  because you cannot simply “omit” a Constitutional Amendment. They are  sequentially numbered.  The original Article XIII was intentionally  and methodically removed from 
existence, which took a number of years to complete and was NOT simply  “omitted.” It required a conspiracy; a federal
rewrite; the removal of all former  texts and references to the original Article XIII and the domination of all the various state government legislatures by candidates holding “Titles of Nobility,”  who would be willing to save their careers at any cost. This was all intentional  on their part to complete and sustain its demise.

2: Why didn’t Lincoln’s Martial Law policies abate and the government return back to normal following the Civil War?

The federal government for the American Republic had imploded when the southern states decided to secede from the Union and walk out while Congress  was still in session. Absent the presence of those southern state delegates,  Congress could not adjourn and could not move forward for lack of a quorum!  President Lincoln became the federal law under martial law until a new federal government could be assembled.

3: President Lincoln was a lawyer, a Title of Nobility, and several delegates and predecessors’ were lawyers. 

How can that be, given that the original 13th  Amendment prohibited persons possessing a “Title of Nobility” from ever 
holding a seat in government and given that the 13th Amendment had not  been “omitted” until 1871, during the Lincoln Administration?  The truth is the American Republic never enjoyed a Constitutional government,  beginning with the election of George Washington. George took office one year  before the Constitution permitted. He subsequently overthrew the organic  Constitution reinstated the British-owned Virginia Colony Corporation altered  the Oath of Office requirements 
installed a corporate military government in place  of a civilian government and replaced the Common Law with a commercial law  known as “Admiralty” or “the law of the sea.” George then declared that:  “All of America is now under water!”
George was a 32nd Degree Freemason and a descendant of William, the Prince  of Orange, the Sovereign King of America, according to the signed copy of the “Paris Treaty of 1783.” This gave him the notion that he too could become 
King of America.  We have been taught to think and believe that George Washington was this great military man of honor, a hero and “The father of this country.” If you were a Congressman and part of that great political conspiracy squirreling 
away approximately three to four million a year, you might be inclined to  believe that hogwash. But in actuality George was the first traitor to the  American Republic. He was memorialized by Congress in the Washington  Monument, a 555 foot tall sea level obelisk, representing that “America is  now under water!”

4: Why was President Lincoln forced to declare martial law and exercise Executive Privilege to create policy during and after the Civil War, when  martial law was always intended to be a temporary solution?

Martial law was imposed rather than admit that the Union was dissolved.  Under martial law the Executive branch executed federal edicts until the  Executive branch and Congress regrouped. War was declared as a  distraction.  (As an aside) the Civil War was never about the slave question. What we  learned in school concealed the truth that the Union was dissolved. Hiding 
that truth makes Lincoln the second traitor to the American Republic.  I cannot find any evidence to support my belief that southern state governments  were a part of this grand conspiracy. However their secession and attack on Fort Sumter was both convenient and timely. And when the southern delegates  rejoined the corporate federal government they shared in the fruit of the piracy  of American labor and industry.

5: Why did Congress feel the need to renew Lincoln’s Order of Marshal Law, every year since the Civil War?

The federal government has committed an ongoing treason against the  American Republic from day one. The organic Constitution would have  severely restricted Congress and the President. Under martial law those  restrictions are suspended, which in turn grants the Corporate “alleged”  President the power of Executive Privilege too create policy without 
Congressional oversight. Since Martial law can only be invoked during War  or during Acts of Civil disobedience, the corporate federal government has  obviously declared War upon the American Republic ever since 1781. Hence,  their reason to renew Lincoln’s Martial law each year.  By 1933, the Roosevelt Administration passed the Emergency Banking Act. 
Concealed within this act is a modification of the Trading with the Enemy Act,  wherein Congress has declared that the American people are the enemy of the  federal government. Also concealed within this Act, Roosevelt dissolved
the  Virginia Colony Corporation.

6: How could Congress pass the Organic Act of 1871, when the US Constitution absolutely prohibited government corporations?

The Organic Act set the stage for a new federal corporation and prevented  the Lincoln Administration from having to disclose to the American public  that the federal government was dissolved and never was constitutional,  which would have exposed that the Civil War was used as a distraction  and Treasonous solution to their problem.  I believe that Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address was completely heartfelt and  was the act of a repentant man who felt totally responsible for all the death  and destruction that had occurred. I also believe that a guilt ridden Lincoln  constantly placed himself in harms way, hoping that he would be dispatched with prejudice.

7: Why did Congress feel the need to create a new Municipal Charter for the  District of Columbia?

Had Congress disclosed that secession by the south had legally dissolved the federal government, the American public probably would have demanded  that a new Constitutional government be created, with new elections held  because of a lack of faith in the previous delegates and that would have destroyed their federal careers; positions of power and visions of grandeur.   So the Organic Act was passed and a new commercial corporation created having a Constitutional appearance and reference (ie) United States Of America, under which was concealed the original private foreign Virginia
Colony Corporation.  Under this new corporation, all of them could profit from the commercial piracy of American labor and industry.

8: Why did Congress copy and modify the organic Constitution to create a  “mission statement”?

Congress was better able to maintain the “illusion” of a constitutional government  for the American Republic, by using and modifying the organic Constitution as a “mission statement” without officially touching the organic Constitution.  The federal officials regarded this plan as plausible deniability and business as usual.  All they ever had to claim was that a mistake had been made by omitting Article XIII.  Congress’s new “mission statement” can also be easily modified to suit their  collective preference without convening a Constitutional Convention.  Hence: The adoption of the Civil Rights Act and Tax Laws, etc. were all a  corporate ruse. It was the corporate “mission statement” that was actually being  modified by all their new amendments and NOT the organic Constitution and this is how it appears lately that Congress has unlawfully repealed several
Constitutional amendments without convening a Constitutional Convention.  Everything that has happened in government during the past 224 years has been an “illusion” and the original organic Constitution remains in tact and valid.  Every four years The US Printing Office reprints the organic Constitution, the Articles of Confederation, the Declaration of Independence and the Northwest Territorial Treaty. These four documents are the laws of the land or the foundation of all American law and can be researched at the US Printing Office.

9: Why was this “mission statement” published and taught by all government controlled public and parochial schools, as the one and only organic Constitution of America?

The purpose behind this decision and their procuring educational control, was  to dumb down the American public and control what we are taught, know and  believe using fraudulent information and various other constructive forms of 
propaganda through altered publications, the media, the press and movies.  The organic Constitution needed stricter
controls but would have actually prevented the federal usurpation, propaganda, oppression, fraud, commercial slavery and theft that has occurred throughout the years. But Americans did not notice what was happening and placed far too much trust in their elected representatives.  In all fairness, we were a nation of immigrants and the bulk of our ancestors were illiterate. So it was actually quite easy for Congress to carry out this usurpation and conspiracy.

10: Up to the year 1871, why is it that out of the sixteen US Presidents, who had previously served, was Washington and Lincoln, the only US Presidents memorialized by the Congress?

The corrupt Washington and Lincoln’s administrations did the most to undermine  the American Republic and further the goals of the private foreign corporate  partnership and their commercial piracy of American labor and industry. That made Washington and Lincoln heroes in the eyes of Congress. The nobility regard the citizenry as slaves and we are conditioned to celebrate their beliefs, holidays  and heroes.  How could this have happened, you ask? Certainly somebody should have caught on to this federal plot before now?  Well they did, and all it took was a little government propaganda claiming  these individuals were mentally ill, or drug dealers, or involved in a terrorist organization and plot to destroy this country.  Once that it done the authorities use government agencies like the FBI to place these clear-seeing individuals into custody on false charges. Soon everyone stops paying attention to the message and evidence these patriots exposed.

Still don’t believe that this was all possible?  Well, consider this: What is the first thing we do when a baby cries?   We distract them with funny faces, baby talk, rocking or play peek-a-boo.   When we discover the right distraction the baby stops crying. This is exactly  how state and federal politicians “handle” us. The three best distractions they discovered are “fear, debt and war.”   These traitors don’t do anything in a hurry because time is always on their side.  Some of their plans have taken more than one hundred years to fulfill. Some will  never be fulfilled. But even that has never deterred them.

The “Slave Question” And “Lincoln’s Election”
In 1871 the “slave question” and “Lincoln’s election” divided a nation.  This division set the stage for conspirators to create a new private foreign  corporation designed to convert the federal government into a business pirate America’s labor and industry.  The plan was to divert the public’s attention via a distraction consisting of fear,  debt and war.  
What happened – 
. the South seceded
. the federal government imploded
. martial law was imposed and Lincoln suddenly enjoyed dictatorial power by and through “Executive     Privilege.” [Sounds a lot   like today, doesn’t it.]
. Fort Sumter was attacked
. War was declared. Patriotism and prejudice was force fed the American public.
. Fear, debt and war created hardship for the Republic while commerce flourished and filled the               pockets of politicians and the European royal and elite owners of the Virginia Colony Corporation.
. During all this distraction the private foreign corporation called United States of America was created   and filed. The organic Constitution was copied as a corporate “mission statement,” absent Article         XIII. Both replace the Municipal Charter for the       District of Columbia. All that remained was to             destroy all copies and references to the organic 13th Amendment and then 
  convince the American public that this fraudulent rewrite was the one and only Constitution of the         United States of America.
Checkmate.
This devious example became a paradigm for all future historic events.

THANKS TO:
" BEFORE IT'S NEWS "

The Constitution of the United States: A Transcription

Note: The following text is a transcription of the Constitution as it was inscribed by Jacob Shallus on parchment (the document on display in the Rotunda at the National Archives Museum.) Items that are hyperlinked have since been amended or superseded. The authenticated text of the Constitution can be found on the website of the Government Printing Office.

We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.

Article. I.

Section. 1.

All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.

Section. 2.

The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States, and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature.

No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the Age of twenty five Years, and been seven Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen.

Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons. The actual Enumeration shall be made within three Years after the first Meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent Term of ten Years, in such Manner as they shall by Law direct. The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at Least one Representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to chuse three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode-Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New-York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three.

When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State, the Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill such Vacancies.

The House of Representatives shall chuse their Speaker and other Officers; and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment.

Section. 3.

The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislaturethereof, for six Years; and each Senator shall have one Vote.

Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of the first Election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three Classes. The Seats of the Senators of the first Class shall be vacated at the Expiration of the second Year, of the second Class at the Expiration of the fourth Year, and of the third Class at the Expiration of the sixth Year, so that one third may be chosen every second Year; and if Vacancies happen by Resignation, or otherwise, during the Recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary Appointments until the next Meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such Vacancies.

No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen.

The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no Vote, unless they be equally divided.

The Senate shall chuse their other Officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the Absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the Office of President of the United States.

The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments. When sitting for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath or Affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: And no Person shall be convicted without the Concurrence of two thirds of the Members present.

Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from Office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any Office of honor, Trust or Profit under the United States: but the Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment, Trial, Judgment and Punishment, according to Law.

Section. 4.

The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by Law make or alter such Regulations, except as to the Places of chusing Senators.

The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year, and such Meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by Law appoint a different Day.

Section. 5.

Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of each shall constitute a Quorum to do Business; but a smaller Number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the Attendance of absent Members, in such Manner, and under such Penalties as each House may provide.

Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, punish its Members for disorderly Behaviour, and, with the Concurrence of two thirds, expel a Member.

Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such Parts as may in their Judgment require Secrecy; and the Yeas and Nays of the Members of either House on any question shall, at the Desire of one fifth of those Present, be entered on the Journal.

Neither House, during the Session of Congress, shall, without the Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other Place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting.

Section. 6.

The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Compensation for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. They shall in all Cases, except Treason, Felony and Breach of the Peace, be privileged from Arrest during their Attendance at the Session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any Speech or Debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other Place.

No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil Office under the Authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the Emoluments whereof shall have been encreased during such time; and no Person holding any Office under the United States, shall be a Member of either House during his Continuance in Office.

Section. 7.

All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with Amendments as on other Bills.

Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a Law, be presented to the President of the United States; If he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his Objections to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the Objections at large on their Journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such Reconsideration two thirds of that House shall agree to pass the Bill, it shall be sent, together with the Objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds of that House, it shall become a Law. But in all such Cases the Votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and Nays, and the Names of the Persons voting for and against the Bill shall be entered on the Journal of each House respectively. If any Bill shall not be returned by the President within ten Days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the Same shall be a Law, in like Manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their Adjournment prevent its Return, in which Case it shall not be a Law.

Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of Adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the Same shall take Effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the Rules and Limitations prescribed in the Case of a Bill.

Section. 8.

The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States;

To borrow Money on the credit of the United States;

To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes;

To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States;

To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures;

To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities and current Coin of the United States;

To establish Post Offices and post Roads;

To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries;

To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court;

To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high Seas, and Offences against the Law of Nations;

To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water;

To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years;

To provide and maintain a Navy;

To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces;

To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions;

To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress;

To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of particular States, and the Acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the Government of the United States, and to exercise like Authority over all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be, for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, dock-Yards, and other needful Buildings;—And

To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof.

Section. 9.

The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a Tax or duty may be imposed on such Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each Person.

The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it.

No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed.

No Capitation, or other direct, Tax shall be laid, unless in Proportion to the Census or enumeration herein before directed to be taken.

No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State.

No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Commerce or Revenue to the Ports of one State over those of another: nor shall Vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay Duties in another.

No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time.

No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States: And no Person holding any Office of Profit or Trust under them, shall, without the Consent of the Congress, accept of any present, Emolument, Office, or Title, of any kind whatever, from any King, Prince, or foreign State.

Section. 10.

No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal; coin Money; emit Bills of Credit; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law, or Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts, or grant any Title of Nobility.

No State shall, without the Consent of the Congress, lay any Imposts or Duties on Imports or Exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing it's inspection Laws: and the net Produce of all Duties and Imposts, laid by any State on Imports or Exports, shall be for the Use of the Treasury of the United States; and all such Laws shall be subject to the Revision and Controul of the Congress.

No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any Duty of Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace, enter into any Agreement or Compact with another State, or with a foreign Power, or engage in War, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent Danger as will not admit of delay.

Article. II.

Section. 1.

The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term of four Years, and, together with the Vice President, chosen for the same Term, be elected, as follows

Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a Number of Electors, equal to the whole Number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or Representative, or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector.

The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by Ballot for two Persons, of whom one at least shall not be an Inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a List of all the Persons voted for, and of the Number of Votes for each; which List they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the Seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the Presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the Certificates, and the Votes shall then be counted. The Person having the greatest Number of Votes shall be the President, if such Number be a Majority of the whole Number of Electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have such Majority, and have an equal Number of Votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately chuse by Ballot one of them for President; and if no Person have a Majority, then from the five highest on the List the said House shall in like Manner chuse the President. But in chusing the President, the Votes shall be taken by States, the Representation from each State having one Vote; A quorum for this Purpose shall consist of a Member or Members from two thirds of the States, and a Majority of all the States shall be necessary to a Choice. In every Case, after the Choice of the President, the Person having the greatest Number of Votes of the Electors shall be the Vice President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal Votes, the Senate shall chuse from them by Ballot the Vice President.

The Congress may determine the Time of chusing the Electors, and the Day on which they shall give their Votes; which Day shall be the same throughout the United States.

No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any Person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States.

In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of his Death, Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties of the said Office, the Same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the Congress may by Law provide for the Case of Removal, Death, Resignation or Inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what Officer shall then act as President, and such Officer shall act accordingly, until the Disability be removed, or a President shall be elected.

The President shall, at stated Times, receive for his Services, a Compensation, which shall neither be encreased nor diminished during the Period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that Period any other Emolument from the United States, or any of them.

Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the following Oath or Affirmation:—"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States."

Section. 2.

The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States; he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices, and he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment.

He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law: but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments.

The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session.

Section. 3.

He shall from time to time give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary Occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in Case of Disagreement between them, with Respect to the Time of Adjournment, he may adjourn them to such Time as he shall think proper; he shall receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers; he shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed, and shall Commission all the Officers of the United States.

Section. 4.

The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.

Article III.

Section. 1.

The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good Behaviour, and shall, at stated Times, receive for their Services, a Compensation, which shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office.

Section. 2.

The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority;—to all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls;—to all Cases of admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction;—to Controversies to which the United States shall be a Party;—to Controversies between two or more States;— between a State and Citizens of another State,—between Citizens of different States,—between Citizens of the same State claiming Lands under Grants of different States, and between a State, or the Citizens thereof, and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects.

In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases before mentioned, the supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction, both as to Law and Fact, with such Exceptions, and under such Regulations as the Congress shall make.

The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment, shall be by Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the Trial shall be at such Place or Places as the Congress may by Law have directed.

Section. 3.

Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason unless on the Testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on Confession in open Court.

The Congress shall have Power to declare the Punishment of Treason, but no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of Blood, or Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person attainted.

Article. IV.

Section. 1.

Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to the public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may by general Laws prescribe the Manner in which such Acts, Records and Proceedings shall be proved, and the Effect thereof.

Section. 2.

The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States.

A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other Crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another State, shall on Demand of the executive Authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having Jurisdiction of the Crime.

No Person held to Service or Labour in one State, under the Laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any Law or Regulation therein, be discharged from such Service or Labour, but shall be delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or Labour may be due.

Section. 3.

New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States, or Parts of States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress.

The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to Prejudice any Claims of the United States, or of any particular State.

Section. 4.

The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them against Invasion; and on Application of the Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened), against domestic Violence.

Article. V.

The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the Application of the Legislatures of two thirds of the several States, shall call a Convention for proposing Amendments, which, in either Case, shall be valid to all Intents and Purposes, as Part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three fourths of the several States, or by Conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed by the Congress; Provided that no Amendment which may be made prior to the Year One thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any Manner affect the first and fourth Clauses in the Ninth Section of the first Article; and that no State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate.

Article. VI.

All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into, before the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation.

This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding.

The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the Members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial Officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution; but no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States.

Article. VII.

The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the Same.

The Word, "the," being interlined between the seventh and eighth Lines of the first Page, The Word "Thirty" being partly written on an Erazure in the fifteenth Line of the first Page, The Words "is tried" being interlined between the thirty second and thirty third Lines of the first Page and the Word "the" being interlined between the forty third and forty fourth Lines of the second Page.

Attest William Jackson Secretary

done in Convention by the Unanimous Consent of the States present the Seventeenth Day of September in the Year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and Eighty seven and of the Independance of the United States of America the Twelfth In witness whereof We have hereunto subscribed our Names,

G°. Washington
President and deputy from Virginia
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